Women and adolescent girls are exposed, daily, to the...

Women and adolescent girls are exposed, daily, to the medias portrayal of perfect beauty. Being bombarded with images of beautiful women with perfect figures and porcelain skin has had an effect on the way women and young girls portray their own bodies. This, in return, causes a drive for thinness which, ultimately, can ignite feelings of dissatisfaction which can cause eating disorders and poor health decisions. This epidemic has captivated many women and adolescents as they go to tremendous lengths to achieve what the media has defined as beautiful. Consequently, the media, and the distorted images they parade, is causing women and adolescents to become dissatisfied with their bodies. Women and adolescents girls are spending endless†¦show more content†¦They have had engrained into their minds that being excessively skinny is equivalent to being beautiful. Body image is practically everywhere in the media. In their research, entitled A Losing Battle: Effects of Prolonged E xposure to Thin-Ideal Images on Dieting and Body Satisfaction, Silvia Knobloch-Westerwick and Josselyn Crane explore the idea that The media clearly emphasize[s] idealized, lean body shapes for women (Knobloch-Westerwick 80). Their research proved that upwards of 95% of the models in fashion magazines were lean; in fitness magazines and 55% were lean and 36% were muscular in fashion and gossip magazines. Only 6% of the models in both magazine types had a soft, round body type (Knobloch-Westerwick 80). After being bombarded with images of beautiful women with perfect figures and porcelain skin, this has had an effect on the way women and young girls portray their own bodies — a negative one. Ann Morris and Debra Katzman say Many young women believe that they are overweight and want to weigh less (Morris p8). In their research The Impact of the Media on Eating Disorders in Children and Adolescents they found that 44% of adolescent girls believed they were overweight and 60% wer e actively trying to lose weight even though the majority of these young girls were within normal weight ranges (sic Morris p8). The media is causing women andShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Disney s The Outer Shell Of Innocence 1427 Words   |  6 PagesFemales everywhere are obsessively trying to alter their appearance to mirror the perfect body images surrounding us in today’s media. Body image dominates media everywhere you look, every time you turn your head we are pestered with beautiful women and perfect figures. The overwhelming urge for women to have a body just like the perfect models and idols we see plastered in media has spilled over into our children. Despite the outer shell of innocence, the psychological and sociological effects ofRead MoreTodays Unrealistic Body Expectations1311 Words   |  5 Pagessix-pack abs, and a small waist while good looking women are viewed to have the characteristics of being slim and fit, having a small waist, lean hips, and perfect skin complexion. As a result, many people are affected by our own societys portrayals of good looking men and women that they feel pressured into doing whatever it takes and going through extreme measures, most of the time, spending countless hours in the gym trying to achieve that perfect body. Body image is evident in the gym, as the menRead MoreThe Social Concept of Beauty Essay1054 Words   |  5 PagesThe Social Concept of Beauty Everything around us in society seems to contain hidden messages. The media is a main proponent of this, including television shows, magazines, billboard signs, and commercials among others. All of these variations of media have something in common; they depict all woman having thin bodies. Many girls and women are left thinking, Whats wrong with me, my body doesnt look like that? Unfortunately today we are exposed to the media constantly, which invariablyRead More Medias Influence on Adolescent Girls Body Image, Identity and Sexuality2507 Words   |  11 PagesMedias Influence on Adolescent Girls Body Image, Identity and Sexuality Missing Sources Cited nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Gender Identity begins in early childhood when roles are given to children as to which toys they should play or not play with. A child’s body image is influenced by how people around her react to her body and how she looks. A pre-adolescent becomes more aware of what society’s standards are for the ideal body. The media has always had images of what the ideal woman should beRead MoreMedia s Ideal Body Image1804 Words   |  8 PagesMedia’s â€Å"Ideal Body Image† Magazines, commercials, social media, TV shows, movies, and runways, among other outlets, all contribute to constructing the ideal image of what a â€Å"perfect girl† is supposed to look like. But what exactly is perfection? How can someone possibly define such a dynamic characteristic? These portrayed images of â€Å"perfection† set out by media affect the self- esteem of teenage girls, crate cases of eating disorders, and often create cases of bullying. The media should eliminateRead MoreThe Fight to Be Beautiful Essay1949 Words   |  8 Pagesof beautiful girls, expensive clothing, and what would be, my very first diet plan. Headlines filled the pages on ways to improve your physical appearance, how to make all the boys want you, and what you would have to buy in order to make this happen. As a girl I did not question the path that these popular sources of media were leading me down. My friends and I would crowd around the television screen watching depictions of wo men that we envied. Beautiful, rich girls and the perfect romances theyRead MoreEssay on Eating Disorders and the Media6828 Words   |  28 PagesEating Disorders and the Media Doctors annually diagnose millions of Americans with eating disorders. Of those diagnosed, ninety percent are women. Most of these women have one of the two most common types of eating disorders: anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa (National Council on Eating Disorders, 2004). People with anorexia nervosa experience heart muscle shrinkage along with slow and irregular heartbeats and eventually heart failure. Along with their heart, their kidney, digestiveRead MoreMass Media Has A Strong Effect On Adolescent Female Adolescents4176 Words   |  17 Pagesa part of in our daily lives. When we wake up in the morning until we go to bed at night, we are a part of mass media. From the minute, we sit down at the computer, or if we decide to turn on the television or flip through a magazine. Mass media is in the magazines we read and there are advertisements everywhere we look. This is who we are in this culture today but within this mass amount of information streaming around us, there also seems to be the common theme of the â€Å"perfect body. Yes, sex sellsRead MoreThe Social And Psychological Ramifications Of Obesity Essay2309 Words   |  10 Pages Many people struggle with obesity in the United States face on a daily basis. Its effects can be seen in adults and according to the World Health Organization, â€Å"25% of U.S. children are overweight or obese† (Hill Peters, 1998, p.1371). Obesity disproportionately impacts children, which makes them the fastest growing group in the obese population. These children face many troubles in their schools and communities. The largest struggle is bullying, which is something that can affect them throughoutRead MoreSample of Baby Thesis4852 Words   |  20 Pagesto sell more. Over the time, manufacturers realized that if their products were distinctive and became associated with quality, customers would remember their name. Because of this, manufacturers can now dictate the prices without worrying about being unsold. And at the end, manufacturers began to use advertising to establish identity and separate themselves from the competitors. But when consumers began demanding certain products – either because of quality or advertising, manufacturers seized

Three Levels of Health Promotion - 1264 Words

Three Levels of Health Promotion Grand Canyon University: NRS-429V July 13, 2014 A process that will enable people to improve and have control over their health is called health promotion. For social and environmental interventions as our focus we will need to move beyond individual behavior. It seeks development of individual measures and communities to enhance well being by changing their lifestyles. Promoting public health is an important role for the nurse by changing their behavior and prevents disease. Nurse’s roles include clinical consultations, patient education, prevention and follow up treatment of their illness. This will improve the availability of services in health care and reduce the symptoms of†¦show more content†¦SECONDARY PREVENTION Secondary prevention refers to early detection and treatment of the disease. The illness or risk factors have been diagnosed and now we want to slow or halt the process in the early stages. Goals are to prevent re-injury and limit long-term disability. Examples would be for a cardiac or stroke patient to take a daily low dose of aspirin to prevent a second occurrence, a diabetic patient to change their eating habits, start an exercise program and take their medication as prescribed. People with known risk factors for illnesses must understand what is going on with their body and continue with regular physical exams and screening tests. According to the journal â€Å"Adherence to secondary prevention strategies after stroke† the main determinant to preventing a second stroke is having them change their lifestyle and take their medications as directed. The nurse’s goal is to reinforce the promising results and provide them with information regarding their risks for a reoccurrence of the stroke. TERTIARY PREVENTION Tertiary prevention focuses on the prevention of the impact from the disease. This will help patients manage the long-term health problems associated with their disease. To maximize their quality of life we would need to help them set goals to prevent further physical deterioration. Examples would be programs and support groups designated to their chronic condition, which would help these patients maintainShow MoreRelatedHealth Promotion793 Words   |  4 Pagesnow shifted to health promotion. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines health promotion as the â€Å"process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve, their health. It moves beyond a focus on individual behavior towards a wide range of social and environmental interventions.† Health promotion focuses on changes to a community as well as an individuals health by modifying their behaviors to strive for optimal health, which The American Journal of Health Promotion defines as beingRead MoreReview of Literature1273 Words   |  6 PagesHealth promotion is an essential health care issue that should be implemented by all members of the health care team (Hosseini, Torab, Taghdisi, Vardanjani, 2013). Nurses play a critical role in health promotion for patients, family, and community because we provide direct patient care and are able to see the whole picture of the client’s situation. The population of people with chronic illness is increasing and the health care needs of clients i s trending in an upward fashion (Jadelhack, 2012)Read MoreHealth Promotion : Theories And Models1660 Words   |  7 PagesHealth promotion utilises theories and models to guide practice. A theory is the general principles of a framework of ideas in regards to a particular topic. (Merriam-webster.com, 2016) A model is a set plan of action based on theoretical ideas to achieve a set goal. (Merriam-webster.com, 2016) The difference between a theory and a model is that a theory is related to evidence based knowledge and a model is built on this knowledge although it is presented as a process to reach certain targets. TheRead MoreHealth Promotion Throughout Nursing940 Words   |  4 PagesHealth promotion is defined as the process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve their health (World Health Organization, n.d.). This means that not only are they looking at what they can do as an individual to better their health, but also how different environmental and social factors can better their health. This article is going to focus on the purpose of health promotion, the role and responsibilities of nurses in health promotion, as well as, comparing the three differentRead More Health Promotion among Diverse Populations Essays1267 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿ Health Promotion among Diverse Populations Lisa A. Jennings Grand Canyon University: NRS-429V January 25, 2015 Title Hispanics are the largest and fastest growing ethnic minority group and there are estimated to be about 54 million living in the United States (Office of Minority Health Health Equity, YEAR). The Hispanics are a minority group that struggle every day to survive, to provide for their families, to stay healthy and to live quality lives. This paper will discuss theRead MoreA Literature Review of Health Promotion Essay1196 Words   |  5 PagesReview of Health Promotions Grand Canyon University NRS 429 September 12, 2010 Literature Review Traditionally the United States health care system has been sickness-oriented. However, in the last two decades, a new paradigm has emerged. This new paradigm emphasizes wellness rather than sickness. As a result in this change in focus, health promotion is now an integral part of the nursing profession. This research paper will review current literature from three professionalRead MoreHealth Promotion1025 Words   |  5 PagesLevels of Health Promotion Health promotion is essential in keeping society and individuals healthy. Health promotion empowers communities and individuals for healthy living through education. The primary goal of health promotion is prevention. Nurses are key in health promotion and will be seen in diverse settings as health promotion evolves the nursing profession. There are three levels to health promotion that are utilized to optimize health. Definition of Health Promotion The World OrganizationRead MoreHealth Promotion1008 Words   |  5 PagesLevels of Health Promotion Health promotion is essential in keeping society and individuals healthy. Health promotion empowers communities and individuals for healthy living through education. The primary goal of health promotion is prevention. Nurses are key in health promotion and will be seen in diverse settings as health promotion evolves the nursing profession. There are three levels to health promotion that are utilized to optimize health. Definition of Health Promotion The World OrganizationRead MoreReview of Literature663 Words   |  3 PagesHealth promotion is defined by Edelman as the â€Å"Intervention designed to improve health, such as providing adequate nutrition, a healthy environment, and ongoing health education†. Health promotion programs create behavioral changes that can lead to healthy behaviors by creating a positive and pleasant atmosphere (Camann). They also lower the overall healthcare costs by preventing the incidence of diseases, hospital stays as well as complications (Potter). Currently 20% of the population suffers fromRead MoreEssay on Health Promotion1354 Words   |  6 PagesHealth promotion and teaching are important tools for nursing. By promoting health and health teaching, nurses can help lay the foundation for a healthier future. Major Concepts and Definitions BeliefÂâ€"a statement of sense, declared or implied, that is intellectually and/or emotionally accepted as true by a person or group. AttitudeÂâ€"a relatively constant feeling, predisposition, or a set of beliefs that is directed toward an object, a person, or a situation. ValueÂâ€"a preference

Listening to free essay sample

When am angry or upset like to listen to the song In This River by Black Label Society. It is a great mellow song to listen to when I am troubled, and helps me think. It was also dedicated to Damage Darrel after his death. When I need a boost of energy I play the tune Before I Forget by Slipknot. The song to me means that you should be true to self, and remember your roots of where you came from, and the only one that matters is yourself. Punk rock is a type of music I breathe. It is a type of music that I cannot live without. Many punk rock songs reveal things of every day life.When wake up in the morning and take my shower have punk rock music in my CD player. To me it makes my day way better. The tune preformed by Hollowware, Ocean Avenue has always been one of my favorites. We will write a custom essay sample on Listening to or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page To me the song is about a relationship that ended because someone moved far away to pursue his or her career. I like it because it is a great jam to liven up my morning. Another tune that has a catchy riff is Nth Degree by Mornings. They are a new band that many people havent heard about. The only reason I like this song is because it has a great beat, and a catchy tune. There are a few songs that when I hear memories come back to me. Everybody has tunes that remind him or her of something. For me there are songs that bring back bad memories, and there are songs that bring back great memories that wish could relive. The song Only One by Hollowware brings back sad memories of having problems in a relationship, and the guy wanting to fix things because he really loves me, but left. Was too occupied with other things to care, and he just gave up and ended things with me. A popular tune that is by Knickknack, it is called How You Remind Me.This song has meaning for me because when a bunch of my friends and I were hanging out, I called the radio station and had it dedicated to us. So from this day on every time hear this song it will remind Of the good times. Have explained my favorite type of music, and tunes that remind me of good and bad memories. I am sure you have songs that have meaning to you and when you hear it, it induces a mood. Enjoy a variety of music in my life, and each song I hear, even if I have never heard it before, each song affects me a different way.

Treating Psychosocially Based Sexual Dysfunction

There are various types of psychosocially-based sexual dysfunctions that people face. Some of these problems include premature ejaculation, erectile dysfunction, painful intercourse and lack of desire to engage in sexual intercourse. Erectile dysfunction is one psychosocially dysfunction that has affected men over the age of 40 year (American Psychological Association 2012, para. 2).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Treating Psychosocially Based Sexual Dysfunction specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is caused by abnormalities in the hormones, medications in psychological problems, vascular insufficiency and neurological diseases among other complexions. These dysfunctions cause psychological distress among men and therefore, require treatment to enable them recover from this anguish. Different kinds of treatment are administered to different categories of dysfunctions. Lack of sexual desire in men causes distress and problems in relationships, leading to psychological problems among the victims. To treat this problem, it requires multiple steps and processes (Schover et al. 2002, p. 2397). The first step towards its treatment is for the therapist to help the clients recognize their negative approach towards sex, and to stress the origins of the negative thoughts. They also help them to find alternative ways to think about sex, after which they focus on the behavior, whereby, clients may be required to keep track of their thoughts and imagination about sex (Schover et al. 2002, p. 2397). They may also be required to develop fantasies or watch movies that are erotic (American Psychological Association 2012, para. 2). The aim of exposing them to such movies is to make them begin to develop desire to engage in sexual intercourse. The clients are also taken through a one-on-one program whereby, relationship problems and issue are discussed. This conversation is aimed at making the client change his perception about a bad encounter in relationship that might have affected his sexual desires. After sometime, the client is expected to develop desire towards opposite sex hence resulting to healing. Another psychosocial dysfunction is erectile dysfunction, whereby, the penis does not erect, rendering sexual intercourse impossible (American Psychological Association 2012, para. 2). This is normally caused by sicknesses such as diabetes or side effects due to medication and anxiety after first experience in intercourse. The treatment of this dysfunction is aimed at reducing anxiety and administering appropriate medication aimed at healing or correcting the dysfunction (American Psychological Association 2012, para. 2). The treatment of this dysfunction will basically depend on the cause of the problem. However, in most cases, the first step of action is to take PDE5 inhibitor drugs such as Viagra, which helps to stimulate the blood vessels causing a person to have an urge to engage in sexual intercourse (Schover et al. 2002, p. 2398). In other cases, treatment may involve administration of prostaglandin-type of tablets that are injected in the urethra in the penis.Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The penis can also be exposed to frequent exercise to make it strong and to increase its sexual fantasies (Schover et al. 2002, p. 2398). In cases where all these methods have failed to produce positive results, then surgery can be done. Here, a procedure is done on the prosthetic implants that result to insertion of certain types of rods in the penis to make it stronger to allow for penetration. Premature ejaculation is yet another psychosocial sexual dysfunction that occurs in men. This scenario causes an emotional stress to a man because it makes him feel incapable of sustaining his sexual desires and satisfying the partner sexually. In many of t he cases, women complain of such incidences and therefore, this tends to disturb men emotionally (Gregoire, 1999, p. 315). The cause of this dysfunction is not clearly known by researchers in the field. This dysfunction can be treated through observance of various measures. However, in most cases, therapists who provide medical treatment to such dysfunctions focus more on behavioral training. The client is required to seek assistance from his partner in piecemeal on how to withstand stimulation. After some period of time, the client learns how to control ejaculation for a longer period of time. This requires great psychological input on the man’s side to be able to sustain the stimulation. Furthermore, the woman can also help a man by reducing the level of stimulating through reduction of movement or thrashing. Another psychosocial sexual dysfunction is painful intercourse. This is also referred to as dyspareunia and normally causes persistent or recurrent pain in the genital s of a man, which this causes problems in the relationship as well as distress (Gregoire, 1999, p. 315). This dysfunction affects both the partners but is more prevalent in men. The treatment is provided by a gynecologist or an urologist who carries out diagnosis and proposes a relevant medication to the problem. In women, the dysfunction is treated by putting a lot of emphasizes on the training on relaxation. Women are required to relax during sexual intercourse to avoid the pain. In conclusion, there are various psychosocial sexual dysfunctions as discussed in the paper. These dysfunctions cause emotional distress to the victims because of the fact that they hinder an individual from normal functioning. Most of the dysfunctions have treatments that if well followed and administered, can help the victims alleviate them. However, these treatments are not similar and therefore, appropriate treatment should be adopted for a particular dysfunction.Advertising We will write a custo m research paper sample on Treating Psychosocially Based Sexual Dysfunction specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More References American Psychological Association, (2012). Treatment of sexual problems. Retrieved from: https://www.apa.org/topics/sex/treatment Gregoire, A. (1999). ABC of sexual health: assessing and managing male sexual problems. BMJ, 318:315. Schover, L., Fouladi, R., Warneke, C et al. (2002). The use of treatments for erectile dysfunction among survivors of prostate carcinoma. Cancer, 95:2397. This research paper on Treating Psychosocially Based Sexual Dysfunction was written and submitted by user Barrett Ryan to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Alexies Flight free essay sample

Officer or Angel A theme of Sherman Alexies Flight is constant change, instability, and violence. The protagonist, Zits, has been shuffled from foster home to foster home since his mother passed and father abandoned him. The homes and people that Zits has been forced into are all unfamiliar. The only place that gives Zits stability and comfort is, oddly, jail. With that, the only person constantly in his life is Officer Dave, a city police officer who has arrested Zits multiple times. Officer Daves is the Juxtaposition to the capricious and magical events of Zits life. Zits has very little in his life. Almost nothing in his life is consistent, IVe lived in twenty different foster homes and attended twenty-two different schools. I own only two pairs of pants and three shirts and four pairs of underwear and one baseball hat and three pairs of socks and three paperback novels and the photographs of my mother and father (Alexie, 7). We will write a custom essay sample on Alexies Flight or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Being tossed from place to place, Zits cannot even recognize where he wakes up in the morning and does not care. He is used to the feeling of instability, therefore he doesnt even try to obtain stability. Instability is his norm and instability, ironically, is the only constant to Zits, which is the reason he acts out. There are no repercussions for his actions. The consequence is a change of scenery, which is a good thing and familiar to Zits. Change is something that Zits can count on. To have the familiarity of change, Zits needs to act out. He resorts to violence and recognizes it; l get into arguments and fistfights with everybody. I get so angry that I go blind and deaf and mute (Alexie, 8). At first, his aggressive behavior seems to come out of inner frustration. However, we soon find that with little control over his own life, the government can put me wherever they want, (Alexie, 9), violence is the only thing in his life that he has complete control of. With no say in where he is placed, behavior is something that is completely up to Zits. Violence is also Zits defense mechanism. With no parents, little say in his life, and thinking that when it comes to foster parents, there are only two kinds (Alexie, 8), his violence is a fuck you to the world. He is rebelling against the bad hand he was dealt. Yet oddly, he befriends Officer Dave who is the fgure of Justice and protects people from violence. Zits doesnt waste his time trying to remember the names of [his] new foster parents (Alexie, 8). Zits does not want anything to do with things that are temporary. In contrast, he easily identifies Officer Dave by voice. The knowledge of names determines whether Zits deems a person worthy of acknowledgement in his life. If he thinks or wants a person to be permanent in his life then he will remember their name, such as Edgar and Officer Dave. For Zits to know Officer Daves name and recognize his voice is ignificant and shows how much Officer Dave means to Zits. Also, Zits has identified himself as Zits since the beginning of the novel and he has not hinted at his actual name. His acne and life blemishes have always defined him. It was not until Officer Dave welcomed Zits into his family that Zits revealed his name. This further indicates how Officer Dave has impacted Zits life. Officer Dave exposes the two sides of Zits life and has successfully pulled Zits to the right one. Zits has finally succeeded in finding his name. When telling his foster mother his name, Zits changes to the person he ants to be. Zits is ready to rid his past and start new by expelling his nickname. Officer Dave is someone that is also a constant in Zits life. Zits craves consistency as much as he seems to reject it. Zits is comforted by Officer Dave even though Officer Dave is essentially the opposite of what Zits stands for. Officer Dave is the nice, understanding, and model citizen that Zits never was. Yet Zits still finds security in him, even in the height of his violence, l recognized his voice I trust, him not to hurt me, so I calm down a little (Alexie, 17). Zits may act out for the regularity of change nd the presence of Office Dave. With the familiarity of Officer Dave, is Jail, which a familiar place that Zits has visited many times. This further proves that Zits wants some persistence in his life. If he is willing to go to Jail for this desire, then he has gone to extremes and is willing scrap the bottom of the barrel to get the minimum. Zits comfort in the familiarity of Jail results in a friend. Who would have thought that somewhere as awful as Jail could produce a friendship? Zits takes the worst place to finding someone who amazes him and couldnt find someone who can talk like im (Alexie, 26). The familiarity of Jail gives Zits the positive experience that allows him to make a friend. However, his friend, Justice, did not make a positive short-term impact on Zits life. With such a name, one would think that Justice would urge Zits to make Just decisions, but ironically he does the opposite. It may have been Justices intention to send Zits into that bank to have an epiphany about the direction of his life. In which case, Justices name would suit him. In comparison, Officer Dave is unquestionably a staple of the law and Justice. He is also the practical, positive, and eal role model, unlike the questionable presence of Zits that compliments the magical realism of portion of the novel. A major advancer of the novel is magical realism. It, again, changed Zits time period, setting, and person, in order to show Zits his history and the different perspectives of violence. After the exhausting and enlightening experience, Zits goes to Officer Dave to confess and repent, l respect you Im raising my hands up because I have two guns inside my coat (Alexie, 163). The fact that Zits nonchalantly goes to Officer Dave after a life changing experience hows how comfortable Zits is with someone who is always present in his life. Officer Dave presents the realistic and practical extremity to the magical elements of the novel. He is the normal, complacent, civil role model that Zits needs. Officer Dave is the voice of reason in the mess that is Zits life. He is the rock that Zits clings to. Officer Dave provides the stability that Zits never had and Zits has recognized it. Some may see them as an odd duo, but they compliment each other. Officer Dave is Zits yin to his yang. They balance each other out. Officer Dave is a major character hat highlights the extremes of the spectrum. When there is erraticism, he is the unchanging staple that Zits counts on and turns to. If violence breaks out, Officer Dave is the calming and authoritative fgure that keeps Zits in line. After the overwhelming magical trip Zits experienced, he came back to Officer Dave who provided the pragmatic view on life. Officer Dave is the salvation that Zits needed. Like magical realism, Officer Dave is the major advancer of the novel and saved Zits from himself. Alexie, Sherman. Flight: A Novel. New York: Black Cat, 2007. Print.

Definition and Examples of Cataphora in English Grammar

Definition and Examples of Cataphora in English Grammar In English grammar, cataphora is the use of a pronoun or other linguistic unit to refer ahead to another word in a sentence (i.e., the referent). Adjective: cataphoric. Also known as  anticipatory anaphora, forward anaphora, cataphoric reference, or forward reference. Cataphora and anaphora are  the two main types of  endophorathat is, reference to an item within the text itself. Cataphora in English Grammar The word that gets its meaning from a subsequent word or phrase is called a cataphor. The subsequent word or phrase is called the antecedent, referent, or head. Anaphora vs. Cataphora Some linguists use anaphora as a generic term for both forward and backward reference. The term forward(s) anaphora is equivalent to cataphora.   Examples and Uses of Cataphora In the following examples, cataphors are in italics and their referents are in bold. Why do we envy him, the bankrupt man? (John Updike, Hugging the Shore, 1984)A few weeks before he died, my father gave me an old cigar box filled with faded letters.In The Pendulum Years, his history of the 1960s, Bernard Levin writes of the collective insanity which seized Britain. (The London Evening Standard, February 8, 1994, quoted by Katie Wales in Personal Pronouns in Present-Day English. Cambridge University Press, 1996)If she were alive today, [Barbara] Tuchman would surely be preparing to pen fresh furious pages tonight, as the president seeks to rally his faltering domestic popularity with summonses of support. (Martin Kettle, If He Resists the Siren Voice of Folly, Blairs Legacy Is Secure. The Guardian, June 25, 2005)You must remember this:A kiss is just a kiss,A sigh is just a sigh. (Herman Hupfeld, As Time Goes By, 1931)This, I now realize, was a very bad ideasuggesting we do whatever Terry Crews wants for the day. (Joel Stein, Crews Control. Time, September 22, 2014) It must have been tough on your mother, not having any children. (Ginger Rogers in 42nd Street, 1933)Too scared to buy before they sell, some homeowners aim for a trade.So I just want to say this to the Congress: An America that buys much more than they sell year in and year out is an America that is facing economic and military disaster. (Congressman James A. Traficant, Congressional RecordHouse, September 25, 1998)After she declared herself broken, betrayed, at bay, really low in another organ yesterday, Im not sure the Diary should even mention poor Bel Mooneys name. (The Guardian, August 9, 1994) Creating Suspense With Cataphora [Cataphora] is in evidence in the next example, which is typical of the opening sentences of books: Students (not unlike yourselves) compelled to buy paperback copies of his novelsnotably the first, Travel Light, though there has lately been some academic interest in his more surreal and existential and perhaps even anarchist second novel, Brother Pigor encountering some essay from When the Saints in a shiny heavy anthology of mid-century literature costing $12.50, imagine that Henry Bech, like thousands less famous than he, is rich. He is not.​[John Updike, Rich in Russia. Bech: A Book, 1970] Here we meet copies of his novels before we know who he is. It is only several lines later that the possessive adjective his links forward to the proper nouns Henry Bech in the text that comes after. As you can see, whereas anaphora refers back, cataphora refers forward. Here, it is a stylistic choice, to keep the reader in suspense as to who is being talked about. More usually, the noun that the pronoun links forward to follows soon after. (Joan Cutting, Pragmatics and Discourse: A Resource Book for Students. Routledge, 2002)Strategic Use of Cataphora [M]ore often than not, protypical cataphora is motivated by a planned or strategic delivery of a referent, such as in news-telling like the following: Listen to thisJohn won a lottery and got a million dollars! Prototypical cataphora thus is rarely associated with problems in lexical retrieval. (Makoto Hayashi and Kyung-Eun Yoon, Demonstratives in Interaction. Fillers, Pauses and Placeholders, ed. by Nino Amiridze, Boyd H. Davis, and Margaret Maclagan. John Benjamins, 2010) Cataphora and Style [S]ome prescriptive grammarians have gone so far as to condemn the practice [of cataphora], for reasons of clarity and, more blandly, good style. So H.W. Fowler declares the pronoun should rarely precede its principal, a view echoed by Gowers . . .. This has led to problems in terminology. The term antecedent, for example, is commonly used to refer to a coreferential NP in an anaphoric relation; there is no equivalent expression for the *postcedent NP, however. But by an odd semantic license, some grammarians, and of different schools of thought, use antecedent in this sense. (Katie Wales, Personal Pronouns in Present-Day English. Cambridge University Press, 1996) EtymologyFrom the Greek, backward carry Pronunciation: ke-TAF-eh-ra

Responses on two posts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Responses on two posts - Essay Example This is just a way that the author of the Washington post tried to show readers that a government, no matter how bad it looks in the eyes of the public would have its own supporters. Reintegration into the Cambodian society became a problem for these loyalists after the Khmer Rouge surrendered to the government. The author also says that the Khmer Rouge fighters have now been living in abject poverty as they no longer get the benefits that they were getting when the Khmer Rouge was in power. This just goes to show that a cry for amnesty would leave few people suffering as they would no longer get the benefits they were getting when the rebel group was in control. This article also lays emphasis to the fact that there is now a breath of fresh air as a result of the surrender of the Khmer Rouge. 1 2. The ASEAN Intergovernmental Commission on Human Rights (AICHR) was established in 2009 with the aim of safeguarding the human rights, freedom, peace, prosperity and stability of the people of the Southeast Asian nations. The efforts of the member nations of the commission like Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam in ensuring that the aims of the commission are achieved were highlighted in the article.